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Description
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Introduction: Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is one of the most extensively studied nonpathogenic Gram-negative probiotic strains worldwide. Recent research has highlighted the ability of EcN outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to enhance the phagocytosis and proliferation of RAW264.7 macrophages. However, the impact of EcN-OMVs on M1/M2 polarization and metabolic modulation remains unknown. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the metabolic effects of EcN-OMVs on RAW264.7 macrophage polarization using metabolomic, transcriptomic, and fluxomic approaches. Reuslts: We found that the RAW264.7 macrophages phagocytosed EcN-OMVs, triggering upregulation of the HIF-1, mTORC1, and NF-κB signaling pathways. This metabolic reprogramming enhanced glycolysis, suppressed the TCA cycle, elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, ATP, and nitric oxide (NO) production, and promoted macrophage proliferation, migration, invasion, and M1-type polarization. Discussion: In summary, this research establishes a theoretical foundation for utilizing probiotic OMVs in immunomodulatory therapeutic applications. (2025-07-01)
***This entry has been automatically imported via Infodoc(ASO) CSV by LIST harvest scripts. Please refer to https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1501174 for the original and latest version of the dataset and data downloads*** (2025-09-03)
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