Heat-to-electricity conversion using barium strontium titanate multilayer capacitors [* Cross-Reference *]

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Fan Ni; Junning Li; Uroš Prah; Yves Fleming; Youri Nouchokgwe; Ashwath Aravindhan; Moiz Khalil; Torsten Granzow; S. Hirose; Veronika Kovacova; Emmanuel Defaÿ, 2026, "Heat-to-electricity conversion using barium strontium titanate multilayer capacitors [* Cross-Reference *]", https://lore.list.lu/citation?persistentId=perma:LIST.CAKEWZ, LIST Open Repository, V1
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Description
Pyroelectric materials are attractive for converting heat into electricity, yet the best performance is obtained with lead-containing ceramics, remaining a major environmental concern. Here, we address this problem by developing lead-free barium strontium titanate multilayer capacitors (Ba0.65Sr0.35Ti0.998Mn0.002O3 MLCs). A maximum energy density of 3.7 J cm-3 is achieved under an applied field of 300 kV cm⁻¹ across a 170 K temperature span in an Olsen electro-thermodynamic cycle. We conducted Olsen cycles with two approaches: electric displacement-electric field (D-E) loops and stepwise control of temperatures and voltages, which provide consistent results. In addition, we found that Ba0.65Sr0.35Ti0.998Mn0.002O3 MLCs show a second-order ferroelectric–to-paraelectric (FE-to-PE) phase transition, which shifts to higher temperatures by the applied electric field. This provides a broad and practical temperature window for low-grade waste heat recovery. Our study shows that the performance of pyroelectric energy harvesting in barium strontium titanate materials is comparable to their conventional lead-based counterpart (3.6 J cm-3 in lead scandium tantalate in similar conditions), revealing the promising prospective of sustainable energy recovery applications. (2026-04-23)
***This entry has been automatically imported via OpenAlex by LIST harvest scripts. Please refer to https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19696914 for the original and latest version of the publication*** (2026-07-01)
Subject Engineering; Physics
Keyword Capacitor, Pyroelectricity, Strontium titanate, Strontium, Electric field, Barium, Barium titanate, Electric potential energy
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